The chapter title for Rule 8 in the Rules of Golf is pretty descript in terms of what happens when your ball ends up in a less-than-ideal lie. The title? "Course played as it is found." It means, when your ball comes to rest, you normally have to accept the conditions affecting the stroke and not improve them before playing the ball.
If you read that last sentence carefully—the lawyer in you—you might have noticed the word "normally". The rules makers at the USGA and R&A added that word because there are some instances when you don't have to play it as it lies. The obvious would be when obstructions like cement cart paths impact your shot. The less obvious would be when your ball is slightly embedded in its own impact crater.
But what if you came to your ball in the fairway and saw it was perfectly clean and sitting up nicely. Then another player in your group hit a shot and mud from his or her divot landed on your ball. Could you mark the ball, pick it up and clean it before replacing it?
While you might know that mud is considered a loose impediment and you are allowed to remove loose impediments around your ball, you also probably know the ball can't move as a result of that clean-up job unless it's on the putting green (Rule 15.1). So do you now have to play a mud ball?
Rule 8.1d address this situation, and more broadly any situation when the conditions of your stance, swing or lie are worsened after the ball came to rest. The answer to whether you can mark, lift and clean your ball is yes. Not only can you clean the ball, you also can do some tidying to restore the conditions around your ball if things have worsened as a result of the other player's shot.
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In fact, in most instances when your ball comes to rest but then something worsens the conditions of your lie, stance, swing (even the line of play or the relief area if you're about to drop or place), you can restore things to the way they were. The rule book says to restore the area "as nearly as possible" to its original condition. But if you can't easily restore it, you can "lift and replace the ball by placing it on the nearest spot (not nearer the hole) that has the most similar conditions affecting the stroke, is within one clublength of its original spot and is in the same area of the course as that spot."
Sorry, that's a lot to digest, but just know if you can't make it like it was, you have the right to move the ball.
Now there are some things to remember when applying Rule 8.1. If you or your caddie are responsible for worsening the conditions, you can't clean the ball or restore you lie. So if you're taking practice swings on a muddy day, keep that in mind. Also, if your lie was good and then it starts pouring, you have to play it as it lies if the turf is getting a lot softer unless it's now sitting in temporary water.